Entiende Linux (I)

Sección [Linux] Fecha [2003-07-28] Hora [08:00]

Con esta entrada quiero iniciar una serie de vaya-usted-a-saber-cuantas entradas que intenten explicar un poco que es eso de Linux. No es nada muy ambicioso, simplemente quiero que quien no tenga nada claro qué es Linux lo entienda tal como yo lo entiendo :-)

Antes de empezar a soltaros el rollo me gustaría que desconectarais el chip en el que guardais toda la información sobre como usar un ordenador ya sea con Windows o con Mac.

Lo que comúnmente entendemos por Linux es un sistema operativo como podría ser Windows o MacOS. Es decir, una serie de código que nos permite interactúar a nosotros y a los programas con la parte física del ordenador (el hardware). En Linux esto se reduce a la mínima expresión si lo comparamos con Windows o MacOS que, por ejemplo, tienen el entorno gráfico incluido y uno no se puede desprender de él para trabajar de otra forma con la máquina (aprovechando, además, todos sus recursos).

Linux como conjunto de código no pertenece a nadie o, mejor dicho, nos pertenece a todos. Gracias a su licencia libre (GPL) se nos garantiza que podremos usar y distribuir Linux con total libertad siempre y cuando mantengamos esa libertad para el receptor de nuestra distribución.

En la parte que quizá más os interese ahora (su uso) os diré que Linux es, de alguna forma, bastante modular a la hora de interactuar con el sistema.
Una máquina Linux por ser tal no implica que la podamos usar a golpe de ratón, moviendo ventanas. Ni siquiera a través de un teclado conectado a "la torre".

Linux para que interactuemos con él nos ofrece lo que algunos llaman "terminales virtuales" y es simplemente una línea de comandos Unix pura (es un decir) y dura. Pero la interfaz que vemos en pantalla no es la única terminal virtual que tiene nuestro sistema. Dependiendo de la configuración de nuestro Linux podemos tener muchas diferentes -creo que hasta 256- y con una combinación de teclas (normalmente alt+f# donde # es un número) cambiaremos de una a otra.
No voy a seguir explicando más detalladamente el tema de las terminales virtuales (que también pueden ser remotas por ejemplo) porque simplemente lo he presentado para que vayais entendiendo que en Linux las cosas son diferentes.

Lo que algunos os estareis preguntando es ¿dónde están las ventanas? Pasemos a explicarlo:

El sistema gráfico de Linux más usado (y el que usareis vosotros seguramente) es el llamado XFree86 que es una implementación de X11. Este sistema ofrece una interfaz para usar la potencia gráfica de la máquina y es lo que deberemos tener bien configurado si queremos aprovechar la potencia de la misma.

XFree86 no ofrece nada más que facilidades al desarrollador, pero al usuario lo deja con un fondo grisáceo y un cursor de ratón en forma de X. Aquí es donde entran los llamados Window Managers o WM. Estas piezas de código corren apoyadas sobre XFree86 para ofrecer un entorno con ventanas para un trabajo más cómodo con nuestras aplicaciones gráficas. En resumidas cuentas: Sin WM podríamos trabajar en modo gráfico (en XFree86) pero no podriamos mover las ventanas, maximizar/minimizar, ajustar, cambiar el foco, etc. Ya que todo esto es trabajo del WM. Ejemplos de WM: IceWM (se os hará sencillo de usar a los usuarios de Windows), WindowMaker (Clon de NextStep), Fluxbox (minimalista), ...

Dependiendo de la distribución de Linux que compreis os vendrán preconfigurados unos u otros, aunque lo más normal hoy en día es que vengan directamente con entornos de escritorio y estos ya integran un WM. ¿Quereis saber qué es una distribución Linux? ¿y un entorno de escritorio?

Las llamadas distribuciones o distros son sistemas Linux normalmente integrados por alguna empresa (RedHat, SuSe, Mandrake) o grupos de voluntarios (Debia, Gentoo, Slackware) con unos programas, configuraciones, aspiraciones, ... Más o menos concretos. Todas ellas integran el núcleo de Linux en la última versión disponible cuando se terminó esa versión de la distro y todos los programas que crean que te van a hacer falta. Así nos encontramos con que tenemos 2 versiones a tener en cuenta: La de Linux en sí (2.4.21 en el momento de escribir esto) y otra de la distro (por ejemplo 9.0 em RedHat, 9.2 en Mandrake, 3.0 en Debian...).

Un entorno de escritorio suele ser un conjunto de tecnologías que facilitan la integración tanto de funcionalidades como de aspecto para todos los programas que se creen usando sus recursos. Los mayores ejemplos hoy en día son Gnome y KDE. El aspecto visual de las aplicaciones creadas para cada uno de ellos es muy similar, la forma de uso también se hace igual y el intercambio de información entre unos y otros programas se facilita con lo que tenemos un entorno gráfico fácil de usar para el usuario final. Los WM que integran normalmente Gnome y KDE son Metacity y Kwm respectivamente.

Por cierto, también cada escritorio tiene su propia numeración de versión (2.2.2 en Gnome y 3.1.2 -casi 3.2- en KDE si hablamos de versiones estables) a parte, por supuesto, de la que tiene el sistema XFree86 que anda por la 4.3.0.1 lanzada en Mayo de 2003.

Espero que por ahora os sirva de algo. Huelga decir que espero vuestras preguntas, pero eso sí, sobre el tema del artículo :-)
Para problemas concretos hay listas de correo, foros y similares sobre las que sí os puedo ayudar a encontrar la que necesiteis.


Comenta (60) comentario/s

Referencias (TrackBacks)

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Comentarios

1
De: Algernon Fecha: 2003-07-28 08:36

Interesante! :)

Blackbox rulez :P



2
De: pj Fecha: 2003-07-28 08:40

Sabía, sabía, sabía que un comentario a estas horas solo podía ser suyo Maese Algernon ;)

Gracias por haberte leído la espeeeesa entrada :)



3
De: Algernon Fecha: 2003-07-28 08:44

Hehe, de nada Maese Pj ;)



4
De: ElPez Fecha: 2003-07-28 08:55

bueno, Algernon no es el único de paseo a estas horas :-)

muy clarito, seguiremos la serie jejeee (lo mismo un día me entero de todo)

gracias pj



5
De: pj Fecha: 2003-07-28 08:57

Bueno ElPez, pero me reconocerá que es el más rápido a este lado de la blogosfera O:)

Gracias a vosotros por leerme :)



6
De: jcantero Fecha: 2003-07-28 18:13

Una página para comparar window managers y escritorios:
www.xwinman.org. Una cosa para los que vayan para allá: no todos los gestores de ventanas se parecen a windows, porque no todos los gestores de ventanas que se han ideado se basan en lo mismo. Así, os podéis encontrar con herederos de NextStep y de otros sistemas más "raros", y al principio igual chocan un poco su aspecto y funcionamiento. Lo cual no quiere decir que muchos no se "enamoren" de estos gestores y los consideren superiores.



7
De: Epaminondas Pantulis Fecha: 2003-07-28 18:17

jcantero: ¡Sí que tiene años esa página! (¡Y qué viejo que soy)



8
De: Ctugha Fecha: 2003-07-28 20:30

Interesante.



9
De: jcantero Fecha: 2003-07-28 22:53

Epaminondas: ocho, según en (C). Que en años-internet, es una pasada (¿por cuando había que multiplicarlo? ¿por siete?)



10
De: GINNA Fecha: 2005-05-03 22:17

ESTA PAGINA DEBE MEJORAR MUCHOES



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De: GINNA Fecha: 2005-05-03 22:17

ESTA PAGINA DEBE MEJORAR MUCHOES



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De: GINNA Fecha: 2005-05-03 22:17

ESTA PAGINA DEBE MEJORAR MUCHOES



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De: OMAR Fecha: 2007-11-17 06:27

Muchas Gracias por que gracias a ti pude entender mejor LINUX.

Quiero aprender mas sobre Linux, a ver si me pueden dar una ayuda lo agreceria mucho



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